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Alexei Navalny, the Russian opposition activist who has been the most prominent critic of President Vladimir Putin’s regime for much of the past decade, has died in a remote Arctic penal colony aged 47, according to prison authorities.
俄罗斯反对派活动家阿列克谢•纳瓦尔尼(Alexei Navalny)在过去十年的大部分时间里一直是弗拉基米尔•普京(Vladimir Putin)总统政权最著名的批评者，据监狱当局称，他已在一个偏远的北极劳改营去世，享年47岁。
A firebrand campaigner for what he called the “beautiful Russia of the future”, Navalny’s detailed investigations exposing state corruption alarmed the Kremlin as much as his ability to inspire hundreds of thousands of people to protest against it.
纳瓦尔尼是他所称的“美丽的未来俄罗斯”的积极倡导者，他揭露国家腐败的详细调查令克里姆林宫感到震惊，而他激励数十万人抗议国家腐败的能力同样令克里姆林宫感到震惊。
His activism made him the leader of Russia’s true grassroots opposition to Putin’s more than two-decade-long rule, earning him ceaseless intimidation, threats and attacks from the regime and its supporters in retaliation, as well as more than a dozen jail sentences.
他的活动使他成为俄罗斯真正的基层反对普京统治的领导人，因此他不断受到政权及其支持者的恐吓、威胁和攻击，以及十几次监禁。
Behind bars since 2021 with little to no prospect of release, he remained one of the fiercest critics of Putin’s regime and repeatedly condemned Russia’s invasion of Ukraine even amid prison conditions that he said amounted to torture.
自2021年以来，他一直被关在监狱里，几乎没有获释的希望，他仍然是普京政权最激烈的批评者之一，并多次谴责俄罗斯入侵乌克兰，即使在他所说的相当于酷刑的监狱条件下。
Navalny was poisoned in August 2020 with the Soviet-developed nerve agent novichok while campaigning in Siberia, in what he and western governments said was an assassination attempt ordered by the Kremlin. Treated in Germany, he later exposed a security services officer involved in the poisoning campaign when he published a recorded phone call in which the man unwittingly revealed the entire operation.
纳瓦尔尼在2020年8月在西伯利亚竞选期间中毒，毒素是苏联研发的神经毒剂“诺维乔克”，他和西方政府称这是克里姆林宫下令的暗杀企图。他在德国接受治疗后，通过公开一段录音电话揭露了参与毒害行动的一名安全机构官员，该官员在电话中无意中透露了整个行动。
He was jailed on his return to Russia five months later and ultimately sentenced to more than 20 years in prison, where he was kept at three of Russia’s most notoriously harsh prison colonies and died less than two months after being moved to a remote prison colony in the Arctic Circle.
他在五个月后返回俄罗斯时被监禁，最终被判处20多年的监禁，在俄罗斯三个最臭名昭著的严酷劳改监狱中被关押，不到两个月后被转移到北极圈(Arctic Circle)的一个偏远劳改监狱后不久就去世了。
A tireless activist whose acerbic wit and powerful speeches resonated strongly among a new generation of Russians who had only ever known one leader, Navalny became a lightning rod for public dissatisfaction with the Kremlin, official corruption and Putin himself.
纳瓦尔尼是一位不知疲倦的活动家，他尖刻的机智和有力的演讲，在新一代只知道一个领导人的俄罗斯人中产生了强烈的共鸣。他成为了公众对克里姆林宫、官方腐败和普京本人不满的焦点。
During the 2011 and 2012 anti-government protests — the biggest uprising during Putin’s rule — Navalny became the most nationally recognised opposition figure. Navalny’s poisoning and draconian prison sentence ushered in a new and darker era of Putin’s reign, marking the delineation from strongman rule to autocracy, with an intolerance for dissent that has only increased with the war in Ukraine.
在2011年和2012年的反政府抗议活动中——这是普京统治期间最大的一次起义——纳瓦尔尼成为了全国最受认可的反对派人物。纳瓦尔尼的中毒和严厉的监禁判决开启了普京统治的一个新的、更黑暗的时代，标志着从强人统治向专制统治的转变，对不同政见的不容忍随着乌克兰战争的爆发有增无减。
Young and tech-savvy, Navalny shrewdly understood the vast potential of online media and social networks to bypass the Kremlin’s iron grip on television, radio and newspapers, and to drum up both funding and support for election campaigns and protest rallies.
年轻且精通科技的纳瓦尔尼聪明地意识到在线媒体和社交网络的巨大潜力，可以绕过克里姆林宫对电视、广播和报纸的严格控制，为选举活动和抗议集会筹集资金和支持。
His hugely popular YouTube broadcasts of corruption investigations and evidence of official graft exposed what he said was the rotten core behind the facade of a social contract that exchanged democratic freedoms for a paternalistic strong state.
他在YouTube上播放的有关腐败调查和官员贪污证据的节目大受欢迎，这揭露了他所说的社会契约表象背后的腐朽内核，即以民主自由换取家长式的强权国家。
Navalny, right, heads to attend a meeting of Russia’s Central Election commission in Moscow in December 2017
Evgeny Feldman/AP
Police officers detain Navalny in Moscow in July 2013
Evgeny Feldman/AP纳瓦尔尼（右）于2017年12月前往莫斯科参加俄罗斯中央选举委员会的会议
Evgeny Feldman/AP2013年7月，警察在莫斯科逮捕了阿列克谢•纳瓦尔尼
图片来源：Evgeny Feldman/APOne of his most noteworthy investigations, published in January 2021 when he was already in prison, alleged that a coterie of oligarchs had funded a $1.3bn palace for Putin on the country’s southern coast. It was watched 100mn times within 10 days of being published. The Kremlin denied the claims.
他在狱中时发表的一项最引人注目的调查之一声称，一群寡头为普京在该国南部海岸建造了一个价值13亿美元的宫殿。该调查在发布后的10天内被观看了1亿次。克里姆林宫否认了这些指控。
The broadcasts were among many ways in which Navalny influenced the anti-Putin opposition and remained a thorn in the Kremlin’s side, even from behind bars.
这些广播，是纳瓦尔尼影响反普京反对派、并且即使身处牢狱之中仍然给克里姆林宫带来麻烦的众多方式之一。
In his last message from jail, posted on social media by his team just two days ago, Navalny wrote a single scathing line about the conditions in his prison colony.
在纳瓦尔尼的团队于仅仅两天前在社交媒体上发布的他在监狱中的最后一条留言中，他对自己所在的劳改监狱的条件发表了一句尖锐的批评。
The Arctic prison was “beating the record” of his previous jail, to “please their masters in Moscow”, he said. Prison authorities had just given him 14 days in solitary confinement. “That’s the fourth in less than two months that I’ve been there. They’re tough,” he said. Two days later he was dead.
北极圈监狱“打破了记录”，他说，以“取悦他们在莫斯科的主人”。监狱当局刚刚给了他14天的单独监禁。“这是我在不到两个月内第四次被关进去。他们很严厉，”他说。两天后，他去世了。
Alexei Anatolievich Navalny was born in 1976 in a small village close to Moscow, into a family of Ukrainian and Russian descent. He grew up in small military towns around the capital before gaining a law degree at university, and then studied securities trading.
阿列克谢•阿纳托利耶维奇•纳瓦尔尼(Alexei Anatolievich Navalny)于1976年出生在莫斯科附近的一个小村庄，他的家族有乌克兰和俄罗斯血统。他在首都周围的小军事城镇长大，后来在大学获得了法律学位，然后学习了证券交易。
A decade later he bought shares in Russia’s largest state-owned oil and gas companies in order to campaign against graft. That made him a pioneer of shareholder activism in a country where state-run enterprises have long been accused of being piggy banks for senior officials and oligarchs loyal to the Kremlin.
十年后，他购买了俄罗斯最大的国有石油和天然气公司的股份，以打击贪污。这使他成为这个国家股东激进主义的先驱。长期以来，国有企业一直被指责为忠于克里姆林宫的高级官员和寡头的“存钱罐”。
Navalny entered politics in 2000, rising to become a prominent activist in Yabloko, a small liberal opposition party, before later being kicked out of the party for clashing with leaders and making incendiary comments about Muslims. Outside the group, he gradually built up a larger following through corruption investigations published on his personal blog.
纳瓦尔尼于2000年进入政坛，在小型自由派反对党亚布洛科成为一名杰出的活动家，后来因与领导人发生冲突并对穆斯林发表煽动性言论而被开除党籍。在该组织之外，他通过在个人博客上发布的腐败调查逐渐建立了更多的追随者。
In 2013 Navalny was handed a jail sentence for embezzlement but the sentence was suspended, reportedly so that he could run as a credible opposition candidate in the 2013 mayoral election to give the Putin-appointed incumbent legitimacy. Navalny came in second with 27.2 per cent of the vote, a watershed moment in electoral terms that demonstrated the potential of crowdfunded opposition movements.
2013年，纳瓦尔尼因挪用公款被判入狱，但缓期执行，据说这样他就可以作为可信的反对派候选人参加2013年的市长选举，让普京任命的现任市长具有合法性。纳瓦尔尼以27.2% 的得票率名列第二，这是选举方面的一个分水岭，显示了众筹反对运动的潜力。
Navalny and his wife Yulia, right, daughter Daria and son Zakhar, top left, photographed in a hospital in Berlin, Germany. The picture was posted on Instagram in September 2020
Navalny Instagram/AP
Navalny shows a heart symbol while standing in the cage during a hearing at Moscow City Court in February 2021
Moscow City Court/AP阿列克谢•纳瓦尔尼和他的妻子尤利娅，右边，女儿达利娅和儿子扎哈尔，左上方，在德国柏林的一家医院拍摄的照片。这张照片于2020年9月在Instagram上发布
纳瓦尔尼Instagram/APHis activities were such an irritation for the Kremlin that for years Putin and other senior officials refused to utter his name.
他的活动对克里姆林宫来说是如此的恼人，以至于普京和其他高级官员多年来都拒绝提及他的名字。
“They can’t allow any opposition in any form to exist because they just lose,” he told the FT in 2019.
他在2019年告诉英国《金融时报》：“他们不能容忍任何形式的反对存在，因为他们只会失败。”
Not long afterwards, his anti-corruption foundation was deemed an “extremist organisation” by a Russian court, on a legal par with al-Qaeda and Isis. Many of the foundation’s members were either jailed or fled the country.
不久之后，他的反腐败基金会被俄罗斯法院视为与“基地”组织和伊斯兰国(Isis)法律地位相同的“极端组织”。该基金会的许多成员要么被监禁，要么逃离了这个国家。
Yet despite that, and an almost total blackout of his activities by state-backed media, his name became a byword for anti-Putin activism and mass protest, and made him perhaps the most well-known Russian politician outside the country after the president.
然而，尽管如此，他的名字成为了反普京行动和大规模抗议的代名词，尽管国家支持的媒体几乎完全封锁了他的活动，他仍然成为了俄罗斯总统之外，可能是最知名的俄罗斯政治家。
He travelled across the country campaigning and meeting with voters ahead of the 2018 presidential election, but was ultimately blocked from running by convictions that the European Court of Human Rights ruled were unjust. He continued to help other opposition figures win electoral success and inspired a national movement with campaign offices across the country.
他在2018年总统选举前跨越全国进行竞选活动并与选民会面，但最终因欧洲人权法院(European Court of Human Rights)认定的不公正定罪而被禁止参选。他继续帮助其他反对派人物取得选举成功，并在全国范围内启发了一场全民运动，设立了竞选办事处。
“The main thing in this whole trial isn’t what happens to me. Locking me up isn’t difficult,” Navalny said in court as he was sent to jail in February 2021. “This is happening to intimidate large numbers of people. They’re imprisoning one person to frighten millions.”
2021年2月，纳瓦尔尼在被送进监狱时在法庭上说：“整个审判中最重要的不是我发生了什么。把我关起来并不难...这是为了恐吓大量的人。他们监禁一个人是为了恐吓数百万人。”
That 2021 sentence of two-and-a-half years was followed by a new sentence of nine years, handed down the following year. In August 2023 he was handed an additional 19-year sentence on charges of “extremism”.
2021年，纳瓦尔尼被判处两年半监禁，次年又被判处九年监禁。2023年8月，他又因”极端主义 "罪名被加刑19年。
Navalny, right, attends a court hearing in Moscow in March 2017
AP
Navalny, his wife Yulia, opposition politician Lyubov Sobol and other demonstrators march in memory of murdered Kremlin critic Boris Nemtsov in Moscow in February 2020
Kirill Kudryavtsev/AFP/GettyIn December it emerged that Navalny had been transferred to a different penal colony in the Arctic without his lawyers’ knowledge. His whereabouts was unknown for two weeks.
去年12月，纳瓦尔尼被转移到了北极的另一个监狱，他的律师们并不知情。他的下落在两周内一直不明。
During his multiyear incarceration, Navalny was routinely subjected to sleep deprivation techniques, and suffered from numerous undiagnosed illnesses. Large portions of his time in jail were spent in solitary confinement.
在长达数年的监禁期间，纳瓦尔尼经常被剥夺睡眠，并患有许多未经诊断的疾病。他在狱中的大部分时间都是在单独监禁中度过的。
A film about his life, which included extraordinary footage of Navalny tricking one of his would-be assassins into confessing to the novichok poisoning, won the Oscar for best documentary in 2023.
一部关于纳瓦尔尼生平的电影获得了2023年奥斯卡最佳纪录片奖，其中包括纳瓦尔尼欺骗一名可能暗杀他的人承认诺维乔克毒剂中毒事件的非凡镜头。
In the film Navalny delivered a message to Russians in case of his death: “If this happened, it means that we are unusually strong at this moment, since they decided to kill me,” he said. “We need to use this strength.”
在电影中，纳瓦尔尼向俄罗斯人传达了一条关于他死亡的信息：“如果发生这种情况，那意味着我们此刻异常强大，因为他们决定杀死我，”他说。“我们需要利用这种力量。”
Critics have pointed to his nationalist views and statements against immigrants made early in his political career, for which he was expelled from Yabloko. For years he attended and spoke at an annual far-right nationalist rally, and he later steadfastly refused to denounce a video in which he compared people from Russia’s mostly Muslim North Caucasus with “cockroaches” and mimicked shooting one with a pistol.
批评者指出，他在政治生涯初期对移民持有的民族主义观点和言论，导致他被亚布洛科开除。多年来，他一直参加并在一年一度的极右翼民族主义集会上发表讲话，后来他坚决拒绝谴责一段视频，其中他将俄罗斯北高加索地区的多数穆斯林人群比作“蟑螂”，并模仿用手枪射击其中之一。
In a pre-sentencing statement, as he awaited his new, extended prison term last year, Navalny urged supporters to keep finding ways, large or small, to push back against the Kremlin.
在去年等待他的新的、延长的监禁期的时候，纳瓦尔尼在一份判决前声明中敦促支持者继续寻找各种方式，无论大小，来对抗克里姆林宫。
Navalny leaves a detention centre in Moscow in March 2015
Yuri Kochetkov/EPA/Shutterstock
Navalny and his wife Yulia arrive at Moscow’s railway station from Kirov in October 2013
Maxim Shemetov/Reuters2015年3月，纳瓦尔尼离开莫斯科市法院拘留中心
尤里•科切托夫/美国国家环境保护局/斯托克图片社纳瓦尔尼和他的妻子尤利娅于2013年十月从基洛夫抵达莫斯科的火车站
马克西姆•谢梅托夫(Maxim Shemetov)/路透社报道“Please consider and realise that by jailing hundreds, Putin is trying to intimidate millions,” he said.
他说：“请考虑并认识到，普京通过监禁数百人，试图恐吓数百万人。”
“There is no shame in choosing the safest way to resist. There is shame in doing nothing. It’s shameful to let yourself be intimidated,” Navalny said.
“选择最安全的方式抵抗并没有什么可耻的。无所作为才是可耻的。让自己被恐吓是可耻的，”纳瓦尔尼说。
Navalny is survived by his wife, Yulia, and their two children Daria and Zakhar.
纳瓦尔尼的妻子尤利娅和他们的两个孩子达里亚和扎哈尔健在。
Additional reporting by Max Seddon and Polina Ivanova
马克斯•塞登(Max Seddon)和Polina Ivanova补充报道